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1 слайд
The pitch component of intonation
Static and kinetic tones. Anatomy of a tune
2 слайд
Speech melody (the pitch component)
Variations in the height of the voice during speech, described in terms of pitch-changes and levels.
pitch-changes – perceptible variations in the height of the voice, based on changes of the fundamental frequency of voice within vowels and sonorants
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Pitch-level
– a certain height within the speaker’s voice-range during the pronunciation of the given utterance
Zones within the speaker’s voice-range
___________________
- high
___________________
Mid the speaker’s voice-range
___________________
Low
___________________
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Pitch-level
______________________
Very high
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Fairly high
______________________
Mid high
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the speaker’s voice-range
Mid low
______________________
Fairly low
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Very low
______________________
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Functions of the pitch-level
Marks the degree of semantic prominence attached by the speaker to this or that word or phrase in an utterance
Conveys various shades of modal-attitudional meanings and emotional colouring
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Pitch-changes
– perceptible variations in the height of the voice, based on changes of the fundamental frequency of voice within vowels and sonorants
May change in two directions: upward and downward.
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Pitch-change
fall rise fall-rise rise-fall
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tone
A cooperation of pitch change or a pitch contrast, increased force of articulation and increased duration on phonetically prominent (stressed) elements of the speech chain.
Static (level) tone – tone of unvarying pitch produced by keeping the vocal cords at a constant tension
Kinetic (dynamic) tone - tone of varying pitch produced by varying the tension of the vocal cords
9 слайд
Static tones
High
Very high
Fairly high
Mid
Mid high
Mid low
Low
Fairly low
Very low
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Functions of tones
Static tones give prominence to words in an utterance.
(the higher varieties give greater prominence and signifies greater semantic importance)
Kinetic tones
Indicate the communicative type of an utterance
Express the speaker’s attitude towards the subject matter, the listener and the situation
Single out the centre of new information in an utterance or the point of greater semantic importance as viewed by the speaker
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The nuclear tone – the tone carried by the most important word (generally the last notional word)
The terminal tone – the last tone in an intonation group that serves as its boundary marker
The tune – the pitch pattern of the whole intonation group
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