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1 слайд
Then & Now…
disease and technology through the ages
Part II
2 слайд
Ancient Greece - 776 BC
1st to study cause of disease
-looked for natural explanations not just divine ones
Ancient Greek god of medicine & health
made discoveries in science, math & astronomy
3 слайд
Hippocrates, most famous of all ancient Greek physicians
based knowledge of anatomy on observation of external body
human dissection during this time was taboo
responsible for writing oath of medical ethics: Hippocratic Oath
became known as the “Father of Modern Medicine”
4 слайд
Greek thinkers emphasized idea of balance in all things.
The idea of balance was reflected by belief in four humors of human body:
yellow bile
black bile
blood
phlegm
5 слайд
Their Balance Theory for “fours”:
theory that four elements:
earth, air, fire & water &
the four seasons:
summer, autumn, winter & spring
were all linked to the four humors in human body
6 слайд
doctors could restore balance by, for example, by bloodletting
Cupping vessels for bloodletting
bloodletting scalpels
Believed that imbalance in any of these humors, elements or seasons caused illness
7 слайд
1. How many elements were involved in the “balance theory”? .
2. What was the 1st code of medical ethics called? .
3. Name one of the body’s humors.
CheckPoint
8 слайд
CheckPoint cont.
4. Imbalance of the humors resulted in:
a. bad weather
b. some type of illness
c. a depletion of blood
d. environmental disasters .
9 слайд
Romans - 9th Century BC
Learned about disease & sanitation from Greeks
Developed sanitation system of aqueducts to bring clean water to cities
Built sewers to carry off waste
Built public baths with filtering systems
Marks beginning of public health & sanitation.
10 слайд
Aqueducts –
collected water from several natural springs, located far away from city
Water was chosen according to many factors:
position of its springs
purity of its water
its taste
alleged medical properties due to mineral salts
11 слайд
Gravity moved the water towards the city.
Aqueduct acted as a continuous slope
Water had to be drawn from springs located in hilly areas, above Rome's position
12 слайд
Ancient Roman aqueduct System
13 слайд
Roman Sewers –
carried waste away from cities
Cutaway view of typical Roman street. Shows lead water pipes & central channel for sewage under pavement
14 слайд
Ancient Roman Sewer
underground sewers emptied at streams away from cities
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Roman bath and spa--not just for bathing
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Public baths were cheap to enter, so both rich & poor could afford to go often.
Men & women bathed in separate facilities.
People did not go to baths just to get clean.
Baths were a place to meet friends, relax or gamble & play games.
People would have a massage, then have their body scrubbed down before swimming in outdoor pool.
17 слайд
5. The Romans learned about disease and hygiene from . . . .
6. Roman aqueducts carried:
a. clean water to cities
b. sewage away from cities .
CheckPoint
18 слайд
CheckPoint cont.
7. Only rich people could afford the Roman baths.
a. True
b. False .
19 слайд
Dark Age (early Middle Age) - AD 400-800 &
High Middle Ages - AD 800-1400
Beginning of Dark Ages
Roman Empire was conquered by Huns
20 слайд
Hun Empire
Roman Empire
21 слайд
Here comes the Huns
22 слайд
During this time church began to dominate the practice of science & medicine
Study of medical science all but stopped
Instead of medical intervention, the church held fast to belief “healing through Christ”
23 слайд
Treatment for ill during this time:
Prayer
Exorcism
Saintly relics
Superstition
24 слайд
Terrible epidemics during this period:
Bubonic plague (Black Death)
Smallpox
Syphilis
Diphtheria
Tuberculosis
Bubonic plague was responsible for death of 60 million people
25 слайд
The Renaissance
(AD 1350 - 1650)
Building of universities & medical schools
Search for new ideas
(rather than unquestioning acceptance of disease as will of God)
Period which marked rebirth of learning.
26 слайд
Acceptance of dissection for study
Development of printing press & publishing books
(allowed more access to knowledge from research)
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8. Who conquered the Roman empire?
a. Greeks
b. Mesopotamians
c. Germans
d. Huns .
9. Why did the study of medicine come to a stop during the Dark Ages? .
CheckPoint
28 слайд
CheckPoint cont.
10. Approximately how many deaths was the Bubonic plague responsible for?
a. six thousand
b. six million
c. sixty million .
29 слайд
11. What does the word “Renaissance” mean?
a. rebirth
b. academia
c. new ideas
d. scholar .
CheckPoint cont.
30 слайд
Discoveries of Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries
31 слайд
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Italian artist, scientist, engineer
Studied anatomy of body by dissection of human corpses
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33 слайд
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1632 - 1723
Dutchman
Invented microscope in 1673 & discovered “animacules”
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Leeuwenhoek’s microscope was a lens mounted in a tiny hole of a brass plate.
He held it to the light to see his specimen.
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12. Leonardo da Vinci is known as:
a. an engineer
b. an artist
c. a scientist
d. all .
CheckPoint
36 слайд
CheckPoint cont.
13. What is the name Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms?
a. microbes
b. organelles
c. animacules
d. pathogens .
37 слайд
Discoveries of Eighteenth Century
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Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Country doctor in England
Found vaccination
protected people against smallpox
39 слайд
Jenner observed that milkmaids who caught less serious cowpox generally did not catch smallpox.
Led him to discover technique of vaccination when he deliberately infected a small boy with cowpox.
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Jenner found that this gave the child immunity against deadly smallpox.
![The word ”vaccination," made up by Jenner for his treatment (comes from La...](https://documents.infourok.ru/502dae0d-80ba-4d6f-8e04-4e6de5960a1c/slide_41.jpg "The word ”vaccination," made up by Jenner for his treatment (comes from La...")
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The word ”vaccination,"
made up by Jenner for his treatment
(comes from Latin vacca, a cow).
Word later adopted by Pasteur for immunization against any disease.
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Rene Laënnec (1781-1826)
French physician
Invented cylinder stethoscope
Originally made from paper; later made from hallow wooden tube
Hailed as Father of Thoracic Medicine
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Before stethoscope, doctors put ear directly to body
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What led to invention of stethoscope?
Laënnec:
“In 1816, I was consulted by a young woman
laboring under general symptoms of diseased
heart, and in whose case percussion and the
application of the hand were of little avail on the
account of the great degree of fatness…”
“I rolled a quire of paper (24 sheets) into a kind
of cylinder and applied one end of it to the region
of the heart and the other to my ear.”
45 слайд
14. The word vaccination is derived from a Latin word, which means . . ?.
CheckPoint
15. Laënnec’s first stethoscope was made of:
a. paper
b. wood
c. copper
c. hardened rawhide .
46 слайд
CheckPoint cont.
16. Before Laënnec’s stethoscope, how did physicians listen to heart & lung sounds? .
47 слайд
Nineteenth Century Disease & Medicine
48 слайд
James Blundell (1790-1877)
1818- performed 1st successful human blood transfusion
transfused blood from husband to his wife by means of syringe
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Blundell performed 10 transfusions up to 1830
about half were successful
At this point, blood typing had not been developed & transfusions were risky.
In 1870's, doctors began using milk from cows, goats & humans, as blood substitute
This was replaced with saline solution in 1880's
50 слайд
William Morton (1819-1868)
Dentist who developed anesthesia techniques that made surgery painless
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1st operation using anesthesia
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Ether inhaler invented by William Morton, about 1846
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Florence Nightingale
(1820 - 1910)
pioneer of nursing
reformer of hospital sanitation methods
54 слайд
Florence Nightingale tending the ill
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Although bedridden for many years, she campaigned tirelessly to improve health standards
published 200 books, reports & pamphlets
In recognition of her work Queen Victoria awarded Miss Nightingale the Royal Red Cross in 1883.
She died at age 90
56 слайд
MATCHING:
17. Reformed hospitals; pioneered nursing
18. Successful blood transfusions
19. developed anesthesia techniques.
CheckPoint
Morton
Nightingale
Snow
Blundell
57 слайд
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Father of Bacteriology
Discovered that microorganisms were everywhere
Proved that microbes caused disease
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The process of boiling a liquid to destroy bacteria is still used today; most dairy products are pasteurized.
Discovered that heating of milk killed germs--hence the term “pasteurization”.
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Pasture also developed vaccines against anthrax & rabies.
Louis's pupil, Emile Roux, inoculating boy against rabies at Pasteur Institute
60 слайд
Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Discovered that carbolic acid killed germs
Used as an asepsis in surgery
Carbolic acid sprayer
61 слайд
Lister Introduces Antisepsis
For six weeks, Lister had treated a boy's compound fracture wound with carbolic acid.
When Lister removed dressings from fracture, he found wound had healed without infection--something unheard of!
62 слайд
Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)
German physicist
Discovered x-rays in 1895
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Roentgen’s wife, Bertha, & his x-ray of her hand
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Poem appeared in Photography magazine, 1895
The Röntgen Rays, the Röntgen Rays,
What is this craze,
The town's ablaze,
With the new phase
Of X-rays ways.
I'm full of daze,
Shock and amaze,
For nowadays,
I hear they'll gaze,
Thro' cloak & gown- and even stays,
These naughty, naughty Röntgen Rays
65 слайд
MATCHING:
20. Developed rabies vaccine
21. Discovered x-rays
22. Used carbolic acid to kill germs .
CheckPoint
Lister
Laennec
Pasture
Roentgen.
66 слайд
Biomedical firsts of the 20th-century:
Organ transplants
Pacemaker
Respirators
Open-heart surgery
EKG Machine
MRI, CT scans
Laser surgery
67 слайд
Onward to new medical advances . . .
-The End-
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